What do you call a swarm of frozen marmots achieving Byzantine Fault Tolerance on the International Space Station?

"Securely Scaling Autonomy: The Role of Cryptography in Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)"

This paper benchmarks cryptographic libraries for securing autonomous drone swarms, focusing on two technologies: **Messaging Layer Security (MLS)** for group key exchange, and threshold signatures (**FROST** and BLS) for decentralized consensus. Key findings: OpenMLS significantly outperforms Cisco's MLSpp library, operating MLS in "Key Management" mode dramatically improves performance, and the Zcash FROST implementation offers the best balance of security and efficiency for high-volume signing scenarios.

https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/166bd86b82cbbac3515ea9c86281432b/download_pub
Dec 9, 2025